Ideas about disseration topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ideas about disseration topic - Assignment Example There are limited research papers written on this particular topic. Impact of land acquisition helps to reveal trend in present economy and its association with livelihood. The common impacts are decreased social welfare, unsuccessful employment and lack of social network. Compensation is greatly affected when farmland is acquired due to various reasons (Zhao, 2013). The main development zones in Suzhou are Xiangcheng district, Industrial Park of Suzhou, Wuzhong and Suzhou New District. Rational for the study is - economic development in China is an alarming issue but impact of land acquisition is not widely observed in any research study. This study shall also encompass other related factors. Firstly policies or institutions which govern land acquisition mechanism in China would be incorporated in this particular study. Household livelihood situation shall also be a part of the research study. Economic development of Suzhou is sustained through land acquisition. This aspect would be upheld in the study. It shall not only focus on impact of farmland acquisition but also methods used by people to cope with changes occurring in livelihood. There would be livelihood conditions analyzed through utilizing quantitative and qualitative mechanisms. The data collection methods to be used in the study shall also highlight farmer’s opinions in terms of relationship between farmland acquisition and state of livelihood. The major aim of the research study is to analyze impact of land acquisition on farmer’s livelihood. Natural resources and environment are closely knitted with human activities. Recent economic development has greatly altered man-land relationship. Urbanization can be treated as a procedure to resolve agricultural problems. Urban development requires maximum utilization of land resources in order to facilitate urban construction. This study shall also aim at understanding the concept of

College Costs How Much Essay Example for Free

College Costs How Much Essay Growing up, students were taught to get a higher education in order to make a comfortable living for them and their families. Now, those college graduates are crippled with large amounts of debilitating student loans and are unable to start a family of their own. According to the credit bureau TransUnion, the average student loan debt carried by each borrower has risen 30% to $23,829 in the past five years. These graduates should be stimulating the economy by buying cars and houses, but instead they are sending their paychecks to the bank to pay back their enormous loans. The aggregated amount of student debt has soared over the past several years due to so many people deciding to go back to college after being laid off from their jobs, a rapid rise in college tuition, and schools that give out worthless degrees. The New York Times states that in the 1970s, the median wage was 40% higher for college graduates than for those with just a high school diploma; today, the wage premium has risen to about 80%. Although there are options to get a degree quickly, it is not always the best idea. It is concerning that some schools promise a degree in less time, yet charge the same amount as a four year university. The Art Institute is one of the biggest offenders. They offer a three year culinary program that costs close to $100,000 while the graduates only average about $12 per hour after graduation. It is impossible to pay back those types of loans with basically a minimum wage job. Also, possible employers would much rather hire someone who has been studying the subject for four to six years rather than just a few months, so it can be very challenging for those students to find a job. The fact that our country’s student loan debt is currently valued at $1 trillion dollars, while the cost of tuition is rapidly increasing, is the most concerning effect of this crisis. Today, about half of college graduates are either underemployed or do not have a job at all. The tide is not going to turn until the job market improves. One of the problems in the job market is that jobs are not opening up as quickly as they should because people are pushing back retirement to help pay for their children’s loans. Students fresh out of college are putting off getting married and starting families because they do not have the secure job future they were promised would come with their college degree. Families have also decreased in size because parents are not able to afford as many children. Public schools are overflowing with students because the alternative private schools are just too expensive. This debilitating debt could cause the millennials, people aged 18 to 34, to be one of the first generations in America to not make a better living than their parents did. It is not ethical to force such a large amount of debt on an 18-year-old who has never even had a credit card before. Too many schools use students as pawns to make thousands of dollars than actually helping them succeed and become a member of a functioning society. The student loan debt problem is going to continue to rise dramatically unless we stop the problem where it started- the greedy universities and â€Å"for-profit† schools. Our government needs to make laws and restrictions based on how much a school can charge for tuition. Because filing for bankruptcy with student loans is impossible, the schools continue to raise the cost of tuition knowing that they will most likely get their money in the end. Now, we have schools charging ridiculous amounts for a mediocre degree while the average graduate makes about $12 an hour. There is no way in the world that graduate would be able to pay off those gargantuan student loans without having more than one job. Tuition should be a percentage of the average income of an employer with that degree so that it is possible to pay back in a reasonable amount of time. If schools went back to offering a great education for an affordable price our country would have a much easier time fixing our limping economy.

Animal Rights :: essays research papers

Medicines, household products, food, and basically everything involved in the life of an average person has to under go a form of testing before it is legal to be placed on a shelf and if available to the public. The same tests are performed on every medical procedure that is introduced to surgeons. Since the only way to directly mimic the human body is to use it itself, scientists were forced to find the closest and best alternative. That is where animals were introduced to the medical profession. Experimentation on animals date back to as early as 500 BC, making this form of medical validation one of the oldest known to humans. It is not only one of the oldest but one of the most informative. Scientists use animals in medical research to study how the body works and how to diagnose, cure, and prevent disease. Researchers also use animals for tests to try to protect the public from dangerous chemicals, (Day, 13) such as those included in detergents, bleach, and other household prod ucts. When live animals are used in experimentation, this practice is called vivisection. Animals are used in many instances because their bodies often react in a similar way to that of a humans. Although animals have been used in medical research for numerous years it was not until the early 1920’s that it became more prominent. It was at this point that the introduction of using live, un-anesthetized, animals to study toxic effects on an increasing array of drugs, pesticides and food additives was introduced. After this great advance in medical research the results of using animals grew with leaps and bounds. In 1970 this process peaked with the use of millions of animals. Since then, according to the USDA’s Animals Welfare Enforcement, 1,267,828 animals were used for medical purposes in 1998, which is more than a 50 percent decrease since 1970. Although this is a drastic drop in animals used there have been many medical advances; virtually every medical break throug h this century has come about as the result of research with animals. (Office of Technology) Of the many animals used for experiments, about 90 percent of the animals used are rats, mice and other rodents. Animals such as these are used for two reasons, one because they are readily available upon request, and two because they are cheap which helps aid the large cost of animals experimentation.

Personality and the Beast Within in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and

Personality and the Beast Within in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Everyone has a dual personality, two sides, good and evil. Robert Louis Stephenson uses the book to explain this, he wanted people to realise that not only Dr Jekyll carries a double personality, but the other characters in the book too. Also the people reading it must see that they too, are a part of this frightening uncontrollable fact, that there is â€Å"the beast within† us all. Stephenson suggests that all gentlemen keep secrets, suppress emotions, desires, and hide their true inner self. In the story Mr. Utterson is a great example of a gentleman (lawyer) needing to suppress his less socially acceptable side for the sake of preserving his respectable standing in society. ‘Though he enjoyed the theatre hadn’t crossed the doors of one for twenty years’†¦ ‘Utterson was austere with himself’. Drinking only alone, having the security of knowing that he is the only person who might witness and therefore judge him, the respected gentleman could appear a little out of control. Mr.Utterson feels that if he indulges in luxuries such as these, he may become too involved and express himself freely, he’s frightened that he could ruin his image and loose his respectable reputation. Mr. Utterson hides his other side whereas Jekyll shows it, by choice or not. Once the theories of scientists such as Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer and T.H Huxley became known people began to think of the human struggle between good and evil and psychological terms. Ideas such as ‘The theory of evolution’ and the ‘survival of the fittest’, contradicted the teachings of the Old Testament, and lead many people to question Christianity. However many people w... ...cheap area reflecting the lives of Jekyll and Hyde. ‘†¦London, with excursions into low-life neighbourhoods, it too is about appearances and reputations, and involves an individual whom who lives a double life of outward pity and secret corruption. Jekyll uses the ugly deformed Hyde as his body double’†¦ The ‘Beast within’ is studied in this book. The most obvious case of this is within Dr. Jekyll and, Mr Hyde, however it shows in the others too, not only in this book in the whole of civilisation. Once Dr. Jekyll has captured life for a while he is not just one, but two, Hyde is constantly struggling to get out, each fighting for control. Robert Louis Stephenson tried to show that everyone displays a certain threat from their other side, fighting to escape from their desired image and that it is not just apparent in this Gothic novel but within everyone.

Compare a picture and a phograph

What is similar and what is different about paintings and photographs? Write an essay for your teacher, in which you compare and contrast paintings and photographs. Be sure to write about your ideas in detail. Paintings and photographs share many similarities, but they are also different. I'm sure that Anne Geodes, the famous photographer of babies, may have a completely different view of her subjects than Leonardo ad Vulcan had of Mona Lisa.Still, both ways of producing pictures can have Incredible results. Photographs and paintings are alike In many ways. First of all, both amateurs and professionals can make them. Professional photographers often create breathtaking images, and collectors will pay a high price to display such works in their homes. On the other hand, an amateur with a camera can simply point and click. Before you know it, the person fills photo album after photo album with exciting shots of family and friends.Similarly, a famous painter may spend years developing h is or her unique style and finally become famous. Even though most amateurs will never be famous, they still can have fun with oils or watercolors. They will enjoy expressing themselves and giving their paintings away as gifts. It Is wonderful that both forms of art can be enjoyed by many people. Also, both photographers and painters can fix mistakes. Photographers Copyright C) Houghton Mellon Company. All rights reserved. Can change images by airbrushing and by the way they develop film.For example, photographs of fashion models are sometimes airbrushed to make the models look flawless. A photographer can also develop a photo to look shadowy or bright. Likewise, painters can paint over an error or even scrape off certain kinds of paint. Though both types of artists aim for perfection, they might not reach it on the first try. Despite these similarities, photographs and paintings defer. For one thing, they require different equipment and materials. To create a painting, you need pai nt, brushes, and canvas or paper.Some artists also use a pencil to make a sketch before they apply paint. Photographers, on the other hand, need a camera and film. Professional photographers use different lenses and cameras for different kinds of photographs. They may also have Grade 8 Blacking Master (continued) darkroom equipment to develop their own photos. As you can see, the two types of strictures are made with very different tools. Last of all, photographers and painters make different use of time as they work.Photographers must capture an image in a split second. Even if they take several shots of one scene or object, each is made in a snap. Painters, however, have a choice. They can work very quickly or spend years perfecting Just one painting. As you can see, paintings and photographs are both similar and different. I have both in my home, and I appreciate the work done by the artists who Copyright Houghton Muffling Company. All rights reserved. Made them. These images hav e added a lot to my life.

Glass Ceiling essays

Glass Ceiling essays The glass ceiling is an issue that basically arose from a movement by feminists groups to establish a 50/50 ratio of men to women that hold top executive positions in American firms. The claim was that is was unfair that white males dominated the top positions. Although at the time this was absolutely true and this continues to be the case today. However, the claims by these groups are nothing more than positions without logical facts, and purely anecdotal. On the surface this does seem to be an unfair issue for women and minorities but the unfairness has little to do with the appointing practices of American firms. For example, our text presents the issue in this manner by suggesting that, The problems women and minorities have with winning promotions to senior management positions gave rise to the glass ceiling (Rue and Byars 9). The authors continue by stating the glass ceiling is the invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from moving up in the world of business (Rue and Byars 9). In fact, the problem is not an invisible barrier that shrouds corporate America, but a completely separate problem in our society. No one can be naive enough to think some discrimination does not occur in the top hierarchy of American firms. However, it is not the single cause preventing women and minorities from reaching these positions. It can be said that minorities do not reach the top positions equally. However, it is very important to determine the extent of equality. There is a plethora of statistics that indicate this unfair concept in terms of minority pay and positions. The term glass ceiling does not apply to obtaining a certain position. The glass ceiling is an obstacle that must be overcome long before entry into corporate America. For example, statistics found at the Breaking the Glass Ceiling Organization ...

The Tempest Prospero essays

The Tempest Prospero essays Through the course of the play, Shakespeare presents us with a man who seems evil, powerful, and often tyrannical, but in the end, leaves us with a man who learns how to forgive and who can become a leader once again. He was betrayed by numerous people including his brother Antonio and Caliban who tried to rape his daughter Miranda when he brought him into his home. Prospero who is the rightful Duke of Milan, was removed from his position and replaced by his brother under the approval of King Alonso. These events contribute too Prosperos ways of living on the island. Since Prospero was once a leader, his urge for leadership continues on the island and that is why he is so powerful. Another reason for Prosperos tyrannical ways, is that he used his magical powers to free some of the spirits who were imprisoned in trees. These spirits some what contribute to his personality since they all serve him. They treat him like a God, and in return, Prospero acts like a God. Prospero shows how mad he is about the past and how much he wants revenge by causing a shipwreck leading the people who deceived him in the past too the island inhabited by Prospero and his slave spirits. Prospero in the beginning wants revenge, but at the end, he forgives his brother and everyone else who put him on the island. It shows how someone who has a lot of power, and has a some what vain personality can become someone who learns how to forgive. In the end, Prospero leaves the island and relinquishes himself from the magic powers he had. His brother and the King then recognize Prospero as the rightful Prospero, although a man with many issues becomes man with the Characteristics of becoming a leader. His use of magic, while done at times to indulge himself, is always for some greater purpose that involves others. Another reason why Prospero is powerful is because of his knowled ...

Biography of Georg Simon Ohm Essay Essay Example

Biography of Georg Simon Ohm Essay Essay Example Biography of Georg Simon Ohm Essay Paper Biography of Georg Simon Ohm Essay Paper Georg Simon Ohm ( 16 March 1787 – 6 July 1854 ) was a Bavarian ( German ) physicist and mathematician. As a high school instructor. Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell. invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his ain creative activity. Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the possible difference ( electromotive force ) applied across a music director and the attendant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm’s jurisprudence. Ohm died in Munich in 1854. and is buried in the Alter Sudfriedhof. Early old ages Georg Simon Ohm was born into a Protestant household in Erlangen. Bavaria. ( so a portion of the Holy Roman Empire ) boy to Johann Wolfgang Ohm. a locksmith and Maria Elizabeth Beck. the girl of a seamster in Erlangen. Although his parents had non been officially educated. Ohm’s male parent was a well-thought-of adult male who had educated himself to a high degree and was able to give his boies an first-class instruction through his ain instructions. Of the seven kids of the household merely three survived to adulthood: Georg Simon. his younger brother Martin. who subsequently became a well-known mathematician. and his sister Elizabeth Barbara. His female parent died when he was ten. From early childhood. Georg and Martin were taught by their male parent who brought them to a high criterion in mathematics. natural philosophies. chemical science and doctrine. Georg Simon attended Erlangen Gymnasium from age eleven to fifteen where he received small in the country of scientific preparation. which aggressively contrasted with the divine direction that both Georg and Martin received from their male parent. This characteristic made the Ohms bear a resemblance to the Bernoulli household. as noted by Karl Christian von Langsdorf. a professor at the University of Erlangen. Life in university Georg Ohm’s male parent. concerned that his boy was blowing his educational chance. sent Ohm to Switzerland. There in September 1806 Ohm accepted a place as a mathematics instructor in a school in Gottstadt bei Nydau. Karl Christian von Langsdorf left the University of Erlangen in early 1809 to take up a station in the University of Heidelberg and Ohm would hold liked to hold gone with him to Heidelberg to re-start his mathematical surveies. Langsdorf. nevertheless. advised Ohm to go on with his surveies of mathematics on his ain. reding Ohm to read the plants of Euler. Laplace and Lacroix. Rather reluctantly Ohm took his advice but he left his learning station in Gottstadt bei Nydau in March 1809 to go a private coach in Neuchatel. For two old ages he carried out his responsibilities as a coach while he followed Langsdorf’s advice and continued his private survey of mathematics. Then in April 1811 he returned to the University of Erlangen. His private surveies had stood him in good position for he received a doctors degree from Erlangen on 25 October 1811 and instantly joined the staff as a mathematics lector. After three semesters Ohm gave up his university station. He could non see how he could achieve a better position at Erlangen as chances there were hapless while he basically lived in poorness in the lecture station. The Bavarian authorities offered him a station as a instructor of mathematics and natural philosophies at a hapless quality school in Bamberg and he took up the station at that place in January 1813. This was non the successful calling envisaged by Ohm and he decided that he would hold to demo that he was deserving much more than a instructor in a hapless school. He worked on composing an simple book on the instruction of geometry while staying urgently unhappy in his occupation. After Ohm had endured the school for three old ages it was closed down in February 1816. The Bavarian authorities so sent him to an overcrowded school in Bamberg to assist out with the mathematics learning. On 11 September 1817 Ohm received an offer of the station of instructor of mathematics and natural philosophies at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne. This was a better school than any that Ohm had taught in antecedently and it had a well equipped natural philosophies laboratory. As he had done for so much of his life. Ohm continued his private surveies reading the texts of the taking Gallic mathematicians Lagrange. Legendre. Laplace. Biot and Poisson. He moved on to reading the plants of Fourier and Fresnel and he began his ain experimental work in the school natural philosophies research lab after he had learnt of Oersted’s find of electromagnetism in 1820. At first his experiments were conducted for his ain educational benefit as were the private surveies he made of the pla nts of the prima mathematicians. The Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne failed to go on to maintain up the high criterions that it had when Ohm began to work at that place so. by 1825. he decided that he would seek once more to achieve the occupation he truly wanted. viz. a station in a university. Gaining that the manner into such a station would hold to be through research publications. he changed his attitude towards the experimental work he was set abouting and began to consistently work towards the publication of his consequences [ 1 ] : Overburdened with pupils. happening small grasp for his painstaking attempts. and gaining that he would neer get married. he turned to science both to turn out himself to the universe and to hold something solid on which to establish his request for a place in a more stimulating environment. In fact he had already convinced himself of the truth of what we call today â€Å"Ohm’s law† viz. the relationship that the current through most stuffs is straight relative to the p ossible difference applied across the stuff. The consequence was non contained in Ohm’s number ones paper published in 1825. nevertheless. for this paper examines the lessening in the electromagnetic force produced by a wire as the length of the wire increased. The paper deduced mathematical relationships based strictly on the experimental grounds that Ohm had tabulated. In two of import documents in 1826. Ohm gave a mathematical description of conductivity in circuits modelled on Fourier’s survey of heat conductivity. These documents continue Ohm’s tax write-off of consequences from experimental grounds and. peculiarly in the 2nd. he was able to suggest Torahs which went a long manner to explicating consequences of others working on voltaic electricity. The 2nd paper surely is the first measure in a comprehensive theory which Ohm was able to give in his celebrated book published in the undermentioned twelvemonth. Teaching calling Ohm’s ain surveies prepared him for his doctors degree which he received from the University of Erlangen on October 25. 1811. He instantly joined the module at that place as a lector in mathematics but left after three semesters because of unpromising chances. He could non last on his wage as a lector. The Bavarian authorities offered him a station as a instructor of mathematics and natural philosophies at a hapless quality school in Bamberg which Ohm accepted in January 1813. Unhappy with his occupation. Georg began composing an simple text edition on geometry as a manner to turn out his abilities. Ohm’s high school was closed down in February 1816. The Bavarian authorities so sent him to an overcrowded school in Bamberg to assist out with the instruction of mathematics. Memorial for Ohm at the Technical University of Munich. Campus Theresienstrasse After his assignment in Bamberg. Ohm sent his completed manuscript to King Wilhelm III of Prussia. The King was satisfied with Ohm’s book. and offered Ohm a place at the Jesuit Gymnasium of Cologne on 11 September 1817. This school had a repute for good scientific discipline instruction and Ohm was required to learn natural philosophies in add-on to mathematics. The natural philosophies research lab was well-equipped. leting Ohm to get down experiments in natural philosophies. As the boy of a locksmith. Ohm had some practical experience with mechanical devices. Ohm published Die galvanishe Kette. mathematisch bearbeitet ( The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically ) in 1827. Ohm’s college did non appreciate his work and Ohm resigned from his place. He so made an application to. and was employed by. the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg. Ohm arrived at the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg in 1833. and in 1852 he became a professor of experimental natural philosophies at the University of Munich. The find of Ohm’s jurisprudenceFurther information: Ohm’s Law Ohm’s jurisprudence foremost appeared in the celebrated book Die galvanische Kette. mathematisch bearbeitet ( tr. . The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically ) ( 1827 ) in which he gave his complete theory of electricity. In this work. he stated his jurisprudence for electromotive force moving between the appendages of any portion of a circuit is the merchandise of the strength of the current. and the opposition of that portion of the circuit. The book begins with the mathematical background necessary for an apprehension of the remainder of the work. While his work greatly influenced the theory and applications of current electricity. it was in cold blood received at that clip. It is interesting that Ohm presents his theory as one of immediate action. a theory which opposed the construct of action at a distance. Ohm believed that the communicating of electricity occurred between â€Å"contiguous particles† which is the term Ohm himself used. The paper is concerned with this thought. and in peculiar with exemplifying the differences in this scientific attack of Ohm’s and the attacks of Joseph Fourier and Claude-Louis Navier. A elaborate survey of the conceptual model used by Ohm in bring forthing Ohm’s jurisprudence has been presented by Archibald. The work of Ohm marked the early beginning of the topic of circuit theory. although this did non go an of import field until the terminal of the century. Ohm’s acoustic jurisprudence Further information: Ohm’s acoustic jurisprudence Ohm’s acoustic jurisprudence. sometimes called the acoustic stage jurisprudence or merely Ohm’s jurisprudence. provinces that a musical sound is perceived by the ear as a set of a figure of constitutional pure harmonic tones. It is good known to be non rather true. Plant * Guidelines for an appropriate intervention of geometry in higher instruction at preparatory institutes / notes* The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically* Elementss of analytic geometry refering the skew co-ordinate system* Fundamentalss of natural philosophies: Collection of talks

TO WHAT EXTEND CAN FAMINE BE PREVENTED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TO WHAT EXTEND CAN FAMINE BE PREVENTED - Essay Example Prevention of famine has been a major concern for both international organizations and academic institutions. Several strategies have been employed to counter famine and its effects throughout affected regions. Prevention of famine has always attracted the attention of various disciplines, with historians giving account of its occurrence in the past. Famine situations are complex and when it hits a region, the response can be daunting to the people and institutions involved. Various researchers have attempted to develop theoretical as well as comparative interdisciplinary approach to understanding the preventive measures. In order to understand the interlink ages between starvation, disease and starvation and death. Most researchers acknowledge that famine is preventable, compared against other issues such as poverty and food insecurity. This paper will look into the extent to which famine can be prevented and the strategies that can be used to fruitful. Extent to which Famine can be Prevented Famine has been attributed as a massive social failure, and should not be perceived merely as a natural tragedy. Stated differently, famine signals that institutions, organizations, governments and policies have failed. According to Dre?ze & Sen (1989), there should be people who are criminally liable to deaths of millions. Prevention, however, is essentially concerned with the protection of entitlements (Fine, 1997) Most institutions and governments develop policies and programs that minimize the impacts of famines. The most important though should be those that lay enough groundwork for future development. The policies should ensure both famine prevention and long-term food security assurances. The policies must promote and enhance agricultural growth, especially among small-scale farmers. In addition, infrastructural development should take centre stage in the global efforts to combat famine. Environmental rehabilitation programs and effective markets should be develop ed in the fight against famine alleviation. More importantly, each political geographical region must develop capacity to design and implement proper food policies and programs at all levels. Widespread famines have ravaged Ireland, China, India, and the horn of Africa. Famine situations are very complex and to mitigate against them requires a great deal of human commitment across several institutions and individuals. This is often a regional, short-term extreme food shortage, thought of as caused by drought, ecological extinction, and a sometimes accompanied by conflicts. A number of factors including poverty, inequality, commerce that is not regulated, and insufficient food schemes often fuels famine. Malthusian theory predicts that food will grow at a much lower rate than the growth in population, which will put a strain on the existing stocks of food (Madeley, 2000). However, there are writers who have faulted this theory by asserting that modern technology can actually lead to food increasing by more than the proportional increase in population. Dre?ze & Sen (1990) who wondered why in world where certain regions produced food that is more than enough yet other regions experienced severe food situations noted this paradox. Environments are increasingly becoming with the movement of people in the form of rural to urban migration, catalysing

September 11th and U.S. Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

September 11th and U.S. Foreign Policy - Essay Example Insofar as many Arab Muslims, not least of which are the perpetrators of 9/11, are concerned, the United States' bias towards Israel and the aggressive stand it has adopted towards Arab Middle Eastern states is at the heart of the anger which fuelled the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The United States, as the primary mediator in the Arab-Israeli conflict, is ethically bound to adopt a neural stand and support international law but, public statements by American politicians expresses clear bias towards Israel. For example, on the 1st May, 2003, the U.S. Congress Majority leader publicly stated in a televised speech that he was "content to have Israel grab the entire West Bank there are many Arab nations that have many hundreds of thousands of acres of land, soil, and property and opportunity, to create a Palestinian state" (qtd. in Pomper, Foerstel and Broder). Apart from being an expression of clear bias from the conflict's chief mediator, such statements deeply anger Arab and Moslem populations because they exhibit an utter disregard for international law. That the United States is, within the ... Security Council Resolution 242"). Not only has Israel refused to respect this resolution but, to date, the United States has exploited its veto power to prevent the passage of ten resolutions which reiterated Resolution 242 and demanded ("U.S. Has A Long History"). Added to that, the United States has further vetoed resolutions which not only called upon Israel to respect international law but which condemned its killing of innocent Arab civilians and children. In total, the U.S. has vetoed 77 resolutions which condemned Israeli actions against Arab people and territories, and which demanded the withdrawal of Israel from Occupied Territories. With hardly any exception, the resolutions vetoed by the US had obtained near-unanimous Security Council and General Assembly approval (Reilly). From the Arab viewpoint, therefore, the United States is denying them justice under the law. The nature of the resolutions vetoed by the United States is fully expressive of the extent to which it is determined to deny Arab states justice under the law, and the degree to which it is biased in favor of Israel. This statement is amply supported by facts. For example, in 1990, the United States vetoed a resolution condemning the murder of seven unarmed Palestinian civilians by an Israeli, and in December 2002, vetoed another resolution condemning Israel's killing of UN employees ("U.S. Vetoes of UN Resolutions Critical of Israel"). Indeed, the United States has further vetoed resolutions whose intent was the "affirmation of the inalienable rights of the Palestinians," and the murder of Palestinians as they prayed inside al Aqsa Mosque.

The fire of Jubilee by Stephen Oates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The fire of Jubilee by Stephen Oates - Essay Example Unlike other slaves living in Virginia during 1820s, Turner was permitted to move among the county plantation and farms and to preach to his fellow slaves during Sundays. This kind of freedom and movement gave him a chance to study his fellow slaves and identify those who suited his plans. Further, it gave him an opportunity to learn the County’s geography and to note the brutal and cruel masters in the County farms. The author states that Turner’s reading of the bible made him realize that white people were wrong in justifying and quantifying slavery and that the bible contained amazing stories of the liberation of captives and exiles. The knowledge he gained from the Bible, his life experience and interpretation of mysterious signs forced Turner to believe that God had chosen him to stage a rebellion that would end up liberating the slaves in Virginia just as Moses liberated the Israelites from captivity in Egypt (Oates 31). An eclipse that occurred in Virginia in 183 1 encouraged Turner that God wanted him to start the uprising and his followers or fellow slaves began the revolt without hesitation since they knew it was for their liberation. When rebellion began, Turner followers traveled across Virginia executing white people in every farm. It is significant to note that the book provides chronological happening of the rebellion in Virginia and its inhuman suppression. as amazing as the story of the Virginia rebellion is, Oates narration of the aftermath of the 1831 events is saddening. For instance, the author states that at the beginning, it is not recognized that the number of black casualties murdered in white retaliation was more than Turner’s victims were. In addition, the author explains the fear and anxiety among white people in Virginia and other States that practiced slavery. White people feared that the uprising or rebellion was a small part of a bigger and much more organized uprising planned by William Lloyd from the North. William Lloyd Garrison advocated for abolitionism movement.

Oppression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oppression - Essay Example This paper then aims to discuss the elements and the faces of oppression in order to draw a sound conclusion whether or not a man really oppresses another man and whether or not the society can advance without necessarily oppressing any other person or group of persons. I have learned that oppression can be seen as a social concept and as a structural concept. According to the article of Young (1990) oppression is a structural phenomenon that "immobilizes or diminishes a group" and structurally, oppression is "the tyranny by a ruling group." It is a description that has long been used through the centuries of pains and struggle of people from different kinds of bondage. However and whoever defines the term to me oppression has been witnessed to be a very powerful tool that can really be utilized by those who are in control to preserve the present structure of the society. It is used as a weapon by the ruling class to stay in their power and control not only the political affairs but most especially the economy of the country. This means that in this society, the struggle for more power and greed of money has turned many individuals as oppressors of other men. This society has shaped men only in to two kinds: the predator and the prey. The predator oppresses and eats the weaker men and the prey is eaten and devoured by the more cunning oppressors. I have read from the article of Young that there are five faces of oppression: (1) exploitation of labor; (2) gender exploitation were women are treated less powerful that men; (3) racial exploitation where cultural groups are not given the same rights and privileges; (4) marginalization where a social group are deprived to participate in a social life; and (5) cultural imperialism which is describes as involving " the universalization of a dominant group's experience and culture and its establishment as the norm." We can recall what we have learned in our history and looked at the plight of the Africans who were victimized of the Trans-Atlantic Slavery. The experiences of this social group do not speak only of one face of oppression but they have suffered the five faces of oppression. The Africans were sold to be slaves of wealthy men and nations. They were harassed and maltreated, and if they showed resistance they were killed. We can recall how the Africans men and women alike suffered in the plantations in the South where they have to withstand economic deprivation and the rapacity of their masters. Their lives were always threatened and they live not only wallowing in extreme poverty but in extreme fear. Their women were raped and abused by their masters. Who indeed can say that man cannot oppress his fellowman The history of the African Americans and the suffering of other minority tribes are glaring reality that men are oppressors of weaker men. So many times we have witnessed death and destruction because of labor unrest, or subversion. Men are imprisoned or killed unable to defend their homes and their families as they result to violence because of starvation. Oppression of men must be cruel but it happened and it still happening. Until now many are affected by the cruelty suffered by the poor natives of Africa who

Flexible Work Schedule and its Impact on Private Company Employee Research Proposal

Flexible Work Schedule and its Impact on Private Company Employee Performance in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example In the 21st Century though, there is the need for some kind of departure from the normal 8-hour working day in a five working day need for several reasons. Bohlander & Snell (2009 p173) identifies that the departure from the normal schedule might be necessary to keep the organizational productivity high and enhance the morale of workers by giving them control over their work schedule. This is because people now have a wide array of needs and desires at different times of their lives. The typical expectations of a worker might be the need to attend to family commitments, need for leisure and pleasure to enjoy earnings and the need for social commitments like maintaining religious and extended family ties (Segev, 2005 p78). Additionally, deviation from the normal 8 to 5 work schedule allows businesses to maintain the stature of an attractive employer. This enables a business to attract the best employees on the open market. Collectively, the recruitment and selection of the best employees allows a business to attain long-term benefits for the business. Bohlander & Snell (2009 p174) identifies the concept of flexible work schedule as an attempt by a business to maintain high productivity levels whilst deviating from the traditional working-hour requirements of their employees. In other words, flexible work schedule (FWS) allows a business to set up a system which enables employees to continue working and meeting high levels of results without necessarily having to work from 8am to 5pm for five days in a week.... Bohlander & Snell (2009 p174) identify four main types of flexible work schedule. They include: 1. Compressed Workweek: This entails reducing the number of days in the workweek by lengthening the hours of work each week. Thus for example, a person might be required to work for ten hours a day and for four days in a week instead of eight hours a day for five days a week. The 4/10 work week will enable the worker to take a day off to attend to other things. 2. Flexitime: This is a system where the worker will be allowed to choose daily starting and quitting hours. Typically, the flexitime system might give the employee a range of possibilities which are negotiable, leaving peak hours or crucial hours as non-negotiable times (Liff, 2007 p74). Thus a worker can choose to start work at 6am and close at 2pm or start at 10am and close at 6pm, with each covering an 8-hour period. 3. Job sharing: This is where two part-time employees take one full time job. In this case, each of the employee might have to work for three days a week and from the synergistic efforts of the combined employees, the business would stand to gain more in terms of productivity. 4. Telecommuting: With telecommuting, an employee might be allowed to work from home. This can be attained by the use of modern real-time equipment and gadgets like computers, Internet and telephones. Through telecommuting, an employee can avoid the traffic of traditional commuting, save time and get to handle other social activities effectively. The human ecology theory of motivation suggests that individuals are affected by the external environment they operate within and this enables them to shape their inner thoughts and emotions to attain various results (Bubolz & Sontag, 1993 p2). This indicates that there

Oppression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oppression - Essay Example This paper then aims to discuss the elements and the faces of oppression in order to draw a sound conclusion whether or not a man really oppresses another man and whether or not the society can advance without necessarily oppressing any other person or group of persons. I have learned that oppression can be seen as a social concept and as a structural concept. According to the article of Young (1990) oppression is a structural phenomenon that "immobilizes or diminishes a group" and structurally, oppression is "the tyranny by a ruling group." It is a description that has long been used through the centuries of pains and struggle of people from different kinds of bondage. However and whoever defines the term to me oppression has been witnessed to be a very powerful tool that can really be utilized by those who are in control to preserve the present structure of the society. It is used as a weapon by the ruling class to stay in their power and control not only the political affairs but most especially the economy of the country. This means that in this society, the struggle for more power and greed of money has turned many individuals as oppressors of other men. This society has shaped men only in to two kinds: the predator and the prey. The predator oppresses and eats the weaker men and the prey is eaten and devoured by the more cunning oppressors. I have read from the article of Young that there are five faces of oppression: (1) exploitation of labor; (2) gender exploitation were women are treated less powerful that men; (3) racial exploitation where cultural groups are not given the same rights and privileges; (4) marginalization where a social group are deprived to participate in a social life; and (5) cultural imperialism which is describes as involving " the universalization of a dominant group's experience and culture and its establishment as the norm." We can recall what we have learned in our history and looked at the plight of the Africans who were victimized of the Trans-Atlantic Slavery. The experiences of this social group do not speak only of one face of oppression but they have suffered the five faces of oppression. The Africans were sold to be slaves of wealthy men and nations. They were harassed and maltreated, and if they showed resistance they were killed. We can recall how the Africans men and women alike suffered in the plantations in the South where they have to withstand economic deprivation and the rapacity of their masters. Their lives were always threatened and they live not only wallowing in extreme poverty but in extreme fear. Their women were raped and abused by their masters. Who indeed can say that man cannot oppress his fellowman The history of the African Americans and the suffering of other minority tribes are glaring reality that men are oppressors of weaker men. So many times we have witnessed death and destruction because of labor unrest, or subversion. Men are imprisoned or killed unable to defend their homes and their families as they result to violence because of starvation. Oppression of men must be cruel but it happened and it still happening. Until now many are affected by the cruelty suffered by the poor natives of Africa who

For developing countries what are the advantages and disadvantages of Assignment

For developing countries what are the advantages and disadvantages of participating in the global garment industry - Assignment Example creasing development in this industry is due to the availability of a cheap work force, ready market and easy transportation due to its negligible weight (TAYLOR, 2009). Developing countries have maximized their raw materials and there has been dramatic increase in the production which now accounts for about 70% of the world export on clothing. However, the garment industry is not left far behind as it accounts for about 3.2% of the world’s manufacturing export (TAYLOR, 2009). Developing countries’ involvement in the global trade, especially in the garment industry has both positive and negative impacts. On the positive impacts is the fact that this industry has increased the level of employment reducing unemployment in developing countries, which has been one of the major epidemics. For example, in Bangladesh, about 1.5 million workers are absorbed in these industries which are about 65% of the total workforce (Hoque, 2005). In Morocco, about 40% of the total human resources are also absorbed into this industry. Second advantage is the increased level of foreign exchange or export earnings. These increased earnings are very vital in any developing countries since it is a source of revenue through which the government injects into development projects so as to improve the living standards of its citizens (TAYLOR, 2009). In Bangladesh, this industry contributes to about 75% of the country’s total export earnings. In Mauritius, it is about 64%, while in Sri Lanka it is about 50%, and in Tunisia it is about 40%. Next is that it has some considerable total added value of merchand ise exports. This is evident in countries such as Bangladesh which is about 55%, Turkey being 28%, while in Morocco and Pakistan it is 20% (TAYLOR, 2009). On the other hand, linearization of trade has disadvantages in all industrial sectors, garment industry being inclusive. First is that these developing countries have removed all the trade barriers which may later lead to

The Angry American by Toby Keith Essay Example for Free

The Angry American by Toby Keith Essay Tragedy is one of the most influential inspirations for art, including songwriting. In recent times, many artists responded to their feelings toward the destruction of the Twin Towers on September 11th, 2001, with an abundance of artwork, poetry, and songs. One of the songs, Toby Keiths The Angry American, may conceivably be portrayed as a summation of the artists patriotic values in a reaction to the event. Although in initial observation it may seem as though the song attempts to also inspire patriotism in its audience, it does quite the contrary, inspiring revenge against acts that hurt or threaten the USA, namely September 11th. Patriotism is defined as positive acts of nationalistic feeling: Keith suggests, however, that vengeance or at least violence defines nationalistic feeling. Before performing this piece, Toby Keith gave a speech about his reasons for creating the song. Although Keith states in his speech that he wrote the song following September 11th, as if for the victims of that tragedy, he in fact wrote it not as an emotional reaction toward the victims, but for his own personal feelings, including those of his father and his sacrifices in the line of duty. In dedicating the song to his father, Keith furthers the idea that the song was written for personal reasons and not just as a response for the victims of September 11th. Although Keith may be conceivably trying to express the idea of the USA prevailing over any evil, he conveys this idea in a violent, vengeful way. He clearly suggests the idea of America as being a country that any enemy will be sorry that they messed with, basically saying that if you harm the USA, theyll put a boot in your ass, its the American way. By stating this about the USA, Keith suggests that Americans will violently take revenge against any threat made upon them, and to such a great degree that it will cause the enemy to never be able to threaten the USA again. Keith characterizes the USA almost as if it was the school bully, who no one can take the top spot from, or hurt without being hurt in return. This dominating ideology of the USA, which Keith seems to use to try to boost the morale of the songs listeners, in fact weakens the song by suggesting violent acts as an acceptable means to substantiate any feelings of anger or hatred toward past events harmful to the US. The roots of hatred sprout from many different feelings: fear, ignorance, competing beliefs, sadness, frustration, helplessness. Through the use of certain terms in both his speech and song, Keith portrays this hatred, in many forms. Keith presents feelings of helplessness when he expresses the idea of the US in a cage. The use of the term cage may be due to the fact that Keith feels frustrated and vulnerable from the attacks on September 11th, in that the perpetrators of the attacks are either already dead or too difficult to find, and if revenge were to be taken, it would not bring the victims back, or make the pain and grief of the attacks any easier to bear. Therefore one might say that Keiths patriotic ideals are caged, as he feels that someone has stricken his country and all he believes in, and there is not a way to avenge this entrapment. Keith expresses further feelings of frustration in his ignorance as to who his enemies actually are. As he states in his song, a mighty sucker punch came flying in from somewhere in the back, Keith conveys the USAs ignorance as to who really gave it its big black eye, and his hatred for not being able to determine who his enemies are and who to retaliate against, or more specifically, which ass to put his boot in first. These feelings of uncertainty can be seen in Keiths mentioning of his father in both the speech and song. He states that his father lost his eye in a training combat mission while serving his country, and it can be inferred from this mentioning in the speech, the song, and his dedication of the song to his father, that Keith feels angry that he does not know specifically how his father lost his eye, who (if anyone) caused him to lose it, or why no one could help him. As stated previously, feelings of sadness, ignorance, and helplessness can lead to hatred, and those feelings, mixed with those surfaced after September 11th, could plausibly have lead Keith to express the need for violent vengeance to be taken towards those responsible for that hatred. Keiths sense of vulnerability is also seen in the rhyme scheme of the song. His haphazard rhyme scheme suggests Keiths feelings of confusion, not knowing where to turn, who to go to, who to avenge. Keiths use of patriotic and familial terms, such as Statue of Liberty, Mother Freedom, mother, brother, sister, are emphasized in order to convey the idea of America as a giant family, all striving to protect their country and its history. Keiths word choice helps to further illustrate the idea of the need for Americans to stand together to seek out and avenge their enemies, namely those of the September 11th attacks. Throughout The Angry American, Toby Keith uses many techniques to stress the need for revenge to be taken for the pains our country has had to endure from attacks by enemies, specifically those enemies of September 11th. Keith is emphatic that America will prevail over any evil, and that the attacks on September 11th give Americans a chance to fight for their country, and stand on what our fathers and forefathers did for us, and make sure we dont let em down.

Smoking During Pregnancy

Smoking During Pregnancy The Dangers of Smoking During Pregnancy When a baby is conceived, it is most often a joyous occasion for the parents. A lot of changes are obviously in store for them, as well as some apprehension about what the future holds. They will have approximately nine months to plan for the birth of their child. Undoubtedly, they will begin making arrangements for day care, because they understand that, upon birth, the child will be totally dependent on them for all of his or her needs. What they may not realize is that complete dependence begins long before birth. During the first couple of weeks after conception, the embryo travels from the mothers fallopian tubes to the womb, where it will attach itself to the uterine wall. During this voyage, the embryo will spend its time splitting cells and multiplying rapidly. While the embryo is extremely busy during the first 17 days, this is not an extremely critical time of development when major organ systems are formed. If anything unhealthy is introduced into the mothers body during this time, the affect on the embryo will either be no affect at all or they may completely destroy the embryo, causing a miscarriage. If this happens, it is likely that the woman will have no knowledge that she was ever pregnant (Hawkesley 8). It is an entirely different situation during the next stage of fetal development. Many organ systems are developed during the second stage, which happens from the third to the tenth week of pregnancy. Any abnormality that forms during this time will be present from that time forward (Hawkesley 9). Because this stage is a significant period in which organs are being formed, its unmistakably essential that the mother take tremendous care in what she ingests, injects and inhales into her body. Any unhealthy substance that enters her body may have a tremendous impact on the health of her unborn child. The third stage of fetal development lasts from day 56 until the baby is born (Hawkesley 10). During this time, organs developed in the second stage are simply becoming larger and more robust. While its unlikely harmful substances will affect the development of organs, they may retard the growth of them. It should be noted that the brain continues developing throughout the entire pregnancy, meaning that any harmful toxins used by the mother may, in fact, cause the baby to be born with brain damage (Hawkesley 10). The fetus is attached to the mother by the placenta, which carries all of the oxygen and nutrition it will need until it is born. It is imperative for the mother to eat well-balanced meals because she is not only providing nutrition to her body, but to her babys body as well. Anything she eats, sniffs, injects or inhales will be passed onto the fetus and may impair the development or growth of it. Due to the fact that cigarettes contain 580 carcinogenes in addition to nicotine, smoking is not only harmful to the mother, but it is also extremely harmful to her unborn child. Cigarette smoking can cause a greater chance of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, and placental abruption. These babies also have higher perinatal death rates [stillbirth or death soon after delivery]. It is believed that the carbon monoxide in cigarettes negatively effect the fetuses red blood cells and cause small blood vessels to constrict, consequently reducing the oxygen transferred to the fetus (Thurston 381). Nine months later and the baby is born, apparently healthy. The mothers smoking didnt seem to cause any harm to the child; or did it? There are many other risks associated with smoking during pregnancy. One of them is SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). While babies appear seemingly healthy, the CDC reports that babies born to mothers who smoked during their pregnancy, have an increased chance of dying from SIDS before their first birthday. The risk is 1.4 to 3.0 times than those babies born to women who did not smoke during their pregnancy (CDC website citation). While its also very important that the mother not smoke during her pregnancy, she also needs to be cognizant of her surroundings. If she is around anyone else who is smoking, the secondhand smoke she breathes in is just as harmful to her growing fetus as though she were smoking the cigarette herself. The same is true of infants who are exposed to secondhand smoke. Additionally, infants exposed to smoke both in the womb and secondhand smoke after birth have an even greater risk of SIDS. Simply states, the CDC says that â€Å"parents can help protect their babies from SIDS by taking the following three actions: not smoking when pregnant, not smoking in the home or around the baby after the baby is born and putting the baby down to sleep on its back [another risk factor for SIDS]† (CDC website citation). Other complications that can arise are asthma, learning disabilities and behavioral problems. Works Cited http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/health_effects/pregnancy.htm (Aug 14, 2007) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/Sids.htm (October 2006) http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/TobaccoUsePregnancy/index.htm (Oct 2,2007) Tobacco Use and Pregnancy: Home

Woman and Abortion :: essays research papers

Woman and abortion has always been an issue concerning everyone else except the female who is having the child. Most US citizens today believe that abortion is the wrong way to go, the unborn fetus has no chance at life. It is against the Catholic religion to do this but many people have to do this. Abortions are usually wanted by the teenagers in our society, whether they had made a mistaken and forgot to wear a condom or just chose not to wear one. This article is stating that our government is going to start testing the mothers who are caring a child. They want to ensure that the rights of the unborn fetuses are upheld. The rights of the baby should be upheld, and I believe that it will be but I also believe that there are groups that will not agree with this. These groups will protest at this trial to ensure what they wish to happen occurs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Supreme will decide whether pregnant women can be tested for drugs. If being tested for drugs just means taking blood then it would not be harmful towards the unborn fetus. In this case the Supreme Court is deciding whether or not a woman can be given an injection to be tested for a drug. But will this injection hurt the baby, or is it for the good of the baby so that the mother may be given help if she is in fact a drug addict. It was recorded in 1985, in South Carolina, that a hospital in the south would take any measure necessary to make it possible for the unborn fetus has a healthy birth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The unborn fetus should have rights, but how do we know when the unborn child is in danger. We need to use and make laws to ensure that pregnant women in no way possible can harm their babies. Unfortunately this is nearly impossible to accomplish, for it can only be accomplished when the pregnant woman comes into her doctors office for a check up. When she does come in for a check up, as of now, the doctor can only advise you on what to do. Unless you are tripping over your own feet, or there is something visibly wrong with the way you look the doctor can not do anything with out your consent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hospitals, doctors, and whom ever else there is out there in the world who is out to help you should have more rights than they have now.

Comparing Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther K

"...A little rebellion now and then is a good thing...It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government." Thomas JeffersonThoreau, a transcendentalist from the mid 19th century and Martin Luther King Jr., the Civil Rights movement leader of a century later both believed the necessity of medicine for government. Although they showed disagreement of opinion on issues regarding voting, both writers agreed on the necessity to reform the government and the means of accomplishing it. In King's Letter from Birmingham Jail and Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, both agreed on injustice of majority to rule over minority, both resisted the government passively, and both wanted a better government immediately.The majority is not necessarily right, but they have always been the ones in power because they are the strongest and the most influential. Therefore, all the laws are written by the majority, almost all are in favor of the majority, and all are enforced by the majority. According to King, a law drafted by the majority is only just when the minority are willing to follow it. He wrote "An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself" (2:475). In other words, if a law denies the right of the minority or is inflicted upon the minority by force, then it is not a just law. Similar opinions are shared by Thoreau, when he writes "But a government in which the majority r...

Article Review On “Evidence Based Management(EBM), The Very Idea” Essay

Introduction There has been a recent trend in commending evidence-based approaches for management and policy making decision in the public sector. Evidence based management(EBM) is an aspect that has been heavily developed and relied on in certain practices such as evidence-based policy and evidence-based medicine.   These forms of approaches utilize recent best evidence in decision making and management. Evidence based management(EBM) involves   managerial based decisions and organizational practices that are informed by the best and available scientific evidence with the best evidence in this case being the norms of natural sciences. Evidence based approaches have gained fame over the years. The same has not been without its ups and down. This has seen evidence based management generate debate with writers such as Learmouth & Harding (2007) opposing the very idea of utilizing the widely acclaimed evidence based approach in fields such as health care. The document reviews the(Learmouth & Harding (2007) article with a look at the evidence provided by the two in support of their opposition to the use of evidence based management (EBM) in health care. The positives and negatives of their arguments will be reviewed. Evidence of the same will be based on the Learmouth & Harding (2007) article as well as literature from related articles. Discussion The evidence based management as analyzed by Learmouth & Harding (2007) article presents a strong case that shows that there is reason to believe and support the research bothwriters   have accomplished to discredit the use of this approach especially in health care. Both Learmouth & Harding (2007) raise a good debate on the development of evidence based approaches to management and organization. The researchers clearly raise the issues they feel plague the use of evidence based management(EBM) in health care and in any other setting. To Learmouth & Harding (2007), this is an approach that is a misguided aspect with the unpredictable nature of evidence in the management discipline. Also, Learmouth & Hardin (2007) have the take that evidence based management is not there to help the public service and will not at the end contribute anything meaningful to the effectiveness in organizations (Axelsson, 1998).   This is in spite of other systems such as evidence based medicine beinghailed as the best method of reducing uncertainty in clinical practice. Learmouth & Harding (2007) opposition to the use of evidence based management(EBM) in organizational setting raises and opens the reader’s eyes to a major issue in their debate-arriving at an agreement on evidence. One is made to agree with Learmouth & Harding (2007) debate that it is one thing to reach a consensus in medicine and other fields and another in reaching the same in social sciences so as to flag the appropriateness of the use of evidence based management(EBM) in health care. Such techniques as the use of the evidence based medicine has worked well but this should not be the assumption in all the cases as highlighted by Learmouth & Harding (2007). The fact that the two researchers also disapprove of generalizations in the different approaches is a positive aspect in the research. The reasons the two give is valid in that the cause and effect connections that are there in organizational research are not in any way readily subject to controlled experiments such as those in medicine. However, there is an oversight and thus a disadvantage in Learmouth & Harding (2007) debate. One can counter their opposition to the generalization point on the use of evidence based management(EBM)in that where the presence of clear necessitates the establishment of decision making rules which the scientific community is able to endorse. Learmouth & Harding (2007) would want their readers to believe that a solution to finding a cause and effect connection in organizational settings does not exist but this is not the case (Parker, 2001).This is a side that is missing in their debate in that over the years, there has been the establishment of consensus around the use of constructive reviews and meta-analysis in order to identify the convergent findings in the organizational research and the boundary conditions. Learmouth & Harding (2007) do not leave any option to the reader to see a chance in the establishment of a movement towards evidence based management which would even be capable of fostering great attention to the convergent findings and their implications to practice and science. One feels that Learmouth & Harding (2007) are advocating and supporting the continued fragmentation and novelty in the current organizational research. By focusing on the high consensus areas, there will be a chance for EBM (evidence based management) to have efforts directed towards accounting for divergence and inconsistency in the areas of limited convergence in organizational research(Linstead & Grafton-Small, 1992). Managerialism is also another major issue that Learmouth & Harding (2007) raise with the use of Evidence Based Management (EBM).   The researchers support the opposition to the use of the same in such systems as organizations. According to Learmouth & Harding (2007), the use of EBM supports and reinforces Managerialism. The evidence based approaches are used to reinforce the managerial power with some forms of legitimized forms of evidence while they obscure non-managerial ways of understanding organizational life. One can associate with such an argument in that the evidence given by Learmouth & Harding (2007) is that there have been long standing workplace ethnographies which have stood to benefit organizations by such acts as exposing power, inequality and conflicts in the organizations (Kovner et al., 2000).   Thus elements such as Managerialism have no chance of prospering in such an environment. This greatly benefits the organization. However, there is a downside to the evaluation of only one side of the effect of EBM as far as Managerialism is concerned. The evidence by Learmouth & Harding (2007) is hinged on bias on whether there has been enough inquiry to the effective ways of organizing and managing based on less non-traditional and hierarchical view of workers, governance and employment (Ferlie et al., 2001). It is not justifiable to brush off EBM on managerialism basis since the same would serve as a counterforce to the self- serving and arbitrariness bias observed in the form firms are managed and organized nowadays (Parker, 2001). Any innovation can be affected in that it can be misused. Evidence of such is the presence of a regulation in the use of evidence based medicine in the UK National Health Service. However, the use of EBM can act as the basis to develop effective organizational and professional competencies (Harris, 1998). Learmouth & Harding (2007) are wary of the role that EBM may come to acquire in terms of power. The two are skeptic of the fact that EBM may become an avenue that serves interests. This shows how Learmouth & Harding (2007) have put a great deal of effort into all the aspects that may hinder the smooth operation of such programs as EBM in health care. As researchers, they have succeeded in evaluating all the angles of a research issue. Learmouth & Harding (2007) show that it would be naà ¯ve to not think of politics as the same are pervasive and real. Such an aspect as the development and implementation of EBM to organization and management can affect such issues as how legitimacy, funding   and influence is allocated to such groups as practitioners, teachers and scholars. Management is free of such aspects such as social and political interests as well as moral considerations.   However, true as this may be and a correct inference by Learmouth & Harding (2007), power and politics cannot be avoided. The real problem that Learmouth & Harding (2007) seem to be wary of is that qualitative research may not be able to meet the evidentiary standards that EBM may incorporate and employ (Linstead & Grafton-Small, 1992).  Ã‚   Also, Learmouth & Harding (2007) seem to be wary that qualitative research may be devalued which will result in the decline of legitimacy as well as its funding. Evidence cannot be said to be of particular measure or method social science uses. As opposed to Learmouth & Harding (2007) hesitation with unobstructed power in the use of EBM, this may not be the case as qualitative research is a sure way of identifying the areas in science that are not clear. Qualitative research is capable of being put into practice to identify the meanings underlying the observed patterns and also in helping to translate the evidence into practice through exploration of the politics, subjectivity and the conflicts that are involved in the changes to organizational practice (Carter, 2000). Conclusion The implementation and the design of the EBM is not an aspect that should be generalized and opposed without full evaluation. The implementation as well as the design of EBM should be subject to critical inquiry. The critique by Learmouth & Harding (2007) evades some aspects and in doing so mislead the audience. There is no denying that EBM may affect all the management aspects but the same should not be a reason to abandon the approach. There should and will be movements towards EBM which involve many of the community that are interested in the design of the same. There will be development, implementation, learning and redesign over time. Fear of loss should not hinder the focus for the opportunity on constructive change. References Axelsson , R . 1998 . ‘ Towards an Evidence-based Health Care Management ’ , International    Journal of Health Planning and Management , 13 , 307 – 17 . Ferlie , E . , J . Gabbay , L . Fitzgerald , et al . 2001 . ‘ Evidence-based Medicine and   Ã‚  Ã‚   Organisational Change: an Overview of Some Recent Qualitative Research ’ , in L .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ashburner ( ed .), Organisational Behaviour and Organisational Studies in Health Care:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Refl ections on the Future . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, pp . 18 – 42 . Carter , J . 2000 . ‘ New Public Management and Equal Opportunities in the NHS ’ , Critical   Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Policy , 20 , 61 – 83 . Harrison , S . 1998 . ‘ The Politics of Evidence-based Medicine ’ , Policy and Politics , 26 , 15 –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   31 . Kovner , A . R . , J . J . Elton and J . Billings . 2000 . ‘ Evidence-based Management ’ , Frontiers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Health Services Management , 16 , 3 – 24 . Linstead , S . and R . Grafton-Small . 1992 . ‘ On Reading Organizational Culture ’ ,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organization Studies , 13 , 331 – 55 . Parker , M . 2002 . Against Management: Organization in the Age of Managerialism .   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge : Polity Press Learmouth, M., & Harding, N. (April 01, 2007). Evidence-based management: The very   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   idea.  Sage Public Administration Abstracts,  34,  1.)

Against the Machiavellian Principles of Politics Essay

According to Machiavelli, the affairs of the state reside in the power of the prince. It is the prince which determines, directs, and unifies the components of the state. The prince therefore should act to preserve, strengthen, and protect his position from danger, whether external or internal, without due moral consideration. In short, with the preservation of the state in mind, the prince should act with political diligence to promote it, regardless of the means. According to Machiavelli, â€Å"he who considers what ought to be done rather what is done will rather find himself in a state of ruin than preservation† (Machiavelli, 29). Political action free from any moral consideration is based from three assumptions: 1) Human nature is corrupt and selfish. It is impossible for the prince to satisfy all the needs of the people without injuring the welfare of others. The people is always eager to overthrow their government, to mock the instruments of the state, and to criticize the actions of the prince, whenever their interests (whether political or economic) are affected. According to Machiavelli, â€Å"Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you† (Machiavelli, 29); 2) Morality and religion only limit the actions of the prince. In fact, when fortune fades away, the prince may become unable to defend himself from disconcerting threats. It is therefore important, according to Machiavelli, for the prince to â€Å"guard himself as from a rock; and he should endeavour to show in his actions greatness, courage, gravity, and fortitude; and in his private dealings with his subjects let him show that his judgments are irrevocable, and maintain himself in such reputation that no one can hope either to deceive him or to get round him† (Machiavelli, 32). The prince should endeavour to show himself as the bearer of righteousness, fidelity, and religion, without endangering his own power. This impression is only used to preserve the power of the state. Only in this way can religion and morality be twisted for the benefit of the prince; 3) The success of a prince is never solely dependent on law, morality, or religion. Sometimes, political success is achieved by political deception, alteration of political favors, and in general by arms. It is therefore necessary for the prince to use these instruments to preserve the instruments of the state. It is this condition that the position of a prince who took the state by arms is much more endangered than that of a prince appointed by the people or the Church. To preserve his power, the prince must take moral considerations and religion as only instruments of that purpose. General Critique In order to provide a more comprehensive criticism against Machiavellian politics, there is a need to draw important propositions from different thinkers and theories. Some of the selected philosophers and social theorists are as follows: St. Thomas Aquinas, Immanuel Kant, Rousseau, and Montesquieu. According to Aquinas, morality and religion are necessary instruments for the governance of the state. In his book â€Å"De Regnum† (On Kinship), Aquinas argued that it is always necessary for the ruler to take the precedents of moral and religious obligations as a means to please Divine justice (Curtis, 431). For Aquinas, the foundation of the state is divine in orientation. It is founded by the grace of the Divine Being (who willed the creation of the state after man’s fall). A prince who disregards the religion and morality disregards the Creator. Aquinas here does not disregard the necessity of preserving the power of the state. What Aquinas emphasized is the excesses of unscrupulous rule – a condition which would be punished by God. For Aquinas, a good prince ‘will always be favored by God’ (and preserve his base of power). Rousseau argued that morality is borne out of the so-called ‘social contract. ’ The people gathered to appoint a ruler who would promote their interests. The ruler has the following obligations: 1) to protect the people from threats, 2) to maintain peace and order, 3) to promote solidarity and good governance, and 4) to relinquish power whenever the people chooses a new ruler. A ruler who fails to accomplish these tasks would lose his position. The state, however, would remain intact because the instrument of power resides not in the prince but in the people. According to Rousseau, a prince who put all the instruments of power in his hands is more likely to fall than a prince who measure his authority based on public will. Montesquieu offered a more critical and comprehensive understanding of the position of the prince. According to him, an unruly rebellion of the people is tantamount to political disobedience – a violation of the law of the land. This instance applies only if two conditions are met. First, the ruler does not show any violation of the law. And second, the people unlawfully breaks the social contract and sought to depose a good government. In short, according to Montesquieu, there is no need for a ruler to follow the Machiavellian principles because the law is the manifestation of social and moral obligation, the codec of ethics (Curtis, 613). Here, one may infer that the actions of the ruler should be based solely on this criterion. A ruler who follows the law would never fall in disgrace. Using Kant’s universal moral standards (in his book â€Å"Prolegomena†), one can create a set of moral standards which would be used in judging the actions of a ruler. First, one should determine whether the consequence and intensity of political actions. If a political decision disfranchises a significant portion of the population, such decision is illegitimate (not morally neutral). Second, one may determine the means by which decisions are carried out. Here, legality is an important factor. Third, one may determine whether the actions of the state are in congruent with accepted international standards of morality. Here, an external standard is added in order to ensure the moral efficacy of the state in all levels. The proper enforcement of these external standards is either left to the disposition of international agencies or to the efficacy of treaties. In short, internal political standards of morality are enforced by the state (the people serve as the watch guard of the state). Machiavellian concepts of political deception and moral neutrality have no standing in this type of political set-up. Works Cited Curtis, Michael. The Great Political Theories. New York: Avon Books, 1981. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. by W. K. Marriott. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1995.

My personal Future plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My personal Future plan - Essay Example My educational background and these skills ensure that I have the analytical abilities to address issues that arise along my career. I am passionate about science, and it will ease my fitting into the Engineering department. The engineering department needs employees that are thinkers, adore teamwork and are effective communicators. Given the commonly large workload in these departments, employees should be organized so as to save time in duty execution while achieving efficiency. Through my skills, I can develop reliable and dependable communication skills that would facilitate a peaceful coexistence with other employees. Effective communication is essential to an organization’s performance, and I can facilitate it through developing relevant presentation tools. My ability to interact with others will also ensure that we can work together with my colleagues in developing efficient coordination. Though I am an active team player, I possess the initiative to perform on personal tasks while ensuring that deadlines are met. In handling meetings, the opinion of every individual count and with this skill, I will influence fellow employees. My initiative is developed through confidence and the interest to challenge my abilities in achieving required success. The engineering department needs reliable individuals, and the flexibility I have ensures that I am available whenever the organization needs my services. I am also highly organized, a critical factor to the success of any engineer and employees in the

Employee Rights to Privacy at the Workplace Essay

Employee Rights to Privacy at the Workplace - Essay Example The issues of privacy at workplace started off with the use of telephones at the workplace for communication. Mainly meant to achieve the purpose of having employees interact with each other as well as with the outside counterparts, after much debate it was deemed acceptable for employees to use the office phones for personal use, as long as it did not affect workplace efficiency (Gant 127). Body Faster communication, efficient paper-less correspondence, and least costly for the employers, the internet was made a regular feature of the work environment within no time. Internet was not limited to e-mail correspondence too. Organizational Researchers would go online to gather information about competitors, maintain an online presence, and interact with the customers for feedback and suggestions. It has become imperative in today’s day and age to maintain an online presence, thus the initial e-mail correspondence limitation was replaced with round-the-clock internet connectivity at workplace. This gave birth to a new management issue; Ensuring that the employees do not engage in useless surfing while at work (Smith 40). Social networking has gotten almost everyone hooked onto remaining connected with close ones at all times. It is indeed a complex situation to be in as far as managing such a workforce is concerned. Employee monitoring and surveillance goes as far as fixation of cameras behind every desk and installing devices that determine the rate of wiggling on a chair, and whether it breaches the basic employee privacy protection rights, is another debate altogether (Ciocchetti 2). Since our topic is narrowed down to two major technological facilities at workplace, the telephone and the internet, clarifying the two mediums of communications and the purpose they are meant to achieve, needs to discussed first. The Telephone, like mentioned earlier, is a basis of fast and cost effective vocal communication from and within the workplace. A lot of thought we nt into allowing personal calls to be made and it was declared acceptable after sometime. However, cameras installed at workplaces are likely to bring into light any employee who is idling on the phone excessively. The employers are expected to trust the employees not to indulge in inappropriate activities on the phone and, thus, they generally refrain from overhearing or recording calls. This practice is not applicable to every organization due to the difference in nature of work for each. Where small advertising firms can have their employees talking about campaign designs, the central bank of any country can have its employees disclosing important information of policy changes that were discussed in a meeting. The latter will try to hamper such leak of confidential information by making it known to their employees that all phone calls are strictly screened and monitored. The internet, however, is a completely different ballgame. Transfer of information can be discreet and quicker , employees could indulge in cyber stalking which could lead to any form of harassment and a downfall in productivity, using of resources for activities that may bring a bad name to the organization like illegal downloading, embezzlement etc., the possibilities are endless. In a world where every organization goes head to head with each other on the maximum utilization of available resources, the focus has shifted from overall performance to hourly productivity. This means that organizations require their employees to refrain from activities that bring down their productivity level by wasting time (Kesan 289). On the other hand, it is

California drought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

California drought - Essay Example The climate change is a global situation which California follows. The scientists managed to predict this situation a decade before, when they discovered that â€Å"†¦warming-driven Arctic ice loss would lead to worsening drought in California†. (Romm, 2014). The researchers from Utah State University have found that the â€Å"†¦evidence connecting the amplified wind patterns, consisting of a strong high pressure in the West and a deep low pressure in the East, to global warming.† (Wang, 2014). The increasing index of dipole intensification which California has been facing since the 1970s and still faces up to this moment causes extreme droughts in this state. (Wang, 2014). Global warming is also an important actor in terms of climate-related drought reasons because it results in the Earth’s atmosphere becoming thicker which means also increase of high-pressure indices occurrence, and this is a key factor for temperature, snowfall and rainfall extreme l evels and unorganized patterns of weather observed over the recent years. (Mooney, 2013). The problem of greenhouse gases amount increase in the atmosphere is a global point of concern which result of the ozone layer becoming thinner contributes to temperature increase which, obviously, is another cause of drought in any part of the world, including California. (Takle, 2003). Lack of precipitations in the form of snow is one more natural cause of the California drought. It is also reported that if the temperature is warmer, then reduction of snowpack in winter in the mountains of California is possible, which could result in increasing of the runoff in winter and, on the contrary, decreasing of the runoff in spring. Such shifts in runoffs of the two mentioned seasons can promote conditions for drought in summer, such as too much water loss because of flood and little water saving. (Hanak, Lund, 2008). Rain precipitations are also important in terms of

Star project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Star project - Research Paper Example Its projected Galactic orbit conveys it between 25,100 and 30,600 light years from the middle of the Galaxy. Historically, the entire heavenly bodies were regarded as stars by astrologers. Therefore, the terminology ‘stars’ comprised of stars, planets, comets, meteors among others. However, as time went by, astrologers were able to differentiate stars from the rest of heavenly bodies. Of particular interest are the Stars of the Northern Hemisphere. These stars show three major panels of all the constellations that can be observed from Europe, Canada, the United States and Asia. Humanity tends to identify with the stars with each individual having an interest with a peculiar star. The process of choosing a star has been lengthy and time consuming due to the interest in the topic. Each star seems to portray some unique history which is amazing and interesting, most stars have some distinct features and fantastic history; each of them is of equal importance. Amongst the stars whish have been of key interest to persons are proper, Bayer, Flamsteed and Catalog. However, I have per sonally developed a liking for star Mintaka which I closely attribute it to my individuality. Therefore, this research paper will focus on this particular star , giving a detailed description of its characteristics. Mintaka is a star in the constellation Orion, with a bayer designation of Delta Orionis and flamsteed designation of 34 Orionis. Three stars are found in the orion to form the ‘the belt of orion’. The three stars in the belt of orion are the following, mintaka which means ‘belt’, Alnilam meaning ‘a belt of pearls’ and Alnitak which means girdle. The three are believed to have formed from the system nebulas in the Orion constellation. The stars form a row, mintaka is to the west, alnilam is at the centre and alnitak is to the east. Among the three, alnilam is the brightest followed by mintaka and finally alnitak (Ashland Astronomy

The Development of Architecture through the Different cultures Essay

The Development of Architecture through the Different cultures - Essay Example Architecture is a visible indicator of the culture and beliefs of the people highlighting their qualities and abilities in life. Architectural designs serve the society and are responsible for improving the quality of life of the people and are therefore a manifestation of the wishes of the society to be civilized. It helps in identifying the different beliefs and forms of art of the people in a specific period since architecture communicates the different qualities and principles that the designers had in mind as they were making the buildings. Architectural designs last for many years and are therefore part of the past culture as identified by the constructs that can be viewed in the present. The designs are delivered mainly through buildings and the environment making it possible to create new innovations and ideas in the construction and building of a new environment. It is a continuous process and changes over time due to the different characteristics and features that are prese nt in a specific culture. Architects play around with space and aim to convert the space into a specific form given the equipment and level of advancement that is available. The Greeks has great buildings that were later adopted by the High Renaissance in Italy. This was mainly because of the humanist philosophy that had been adopted in the High Renaissance and was similar to the ancient civilization. It is therefore a roadmap to the different developments and milestones that have been witnessed in the world and in different cultures.

Public Service Broadcasting and the Unique Way by which the BBC Essay

Public Service Broadcasting and the Unique Way by which the BBC Funding Impact - Essay Example Generally, journalism refers to the science of gathering and analyzing information that generates some kind of significance from the public (Hodkison, 2011:39). The BBC Company stands as the pioneer of public service broadcasting systems in the world. Other countries systems gain expertise and knowledge from the analysis of the service’s past and its development to its current statue. This paper seeks to examine the use of journalism and mass media in the public service broadcasting systems, and the current means used to sustain and fund the relevant institutions. In this paper, much focus is on the BBC broadcasting service, and the general conduct of its operations. The current type of journalism possesses numerous results. These include the reporting of general news, politics, sporting, crime, interviews, and economics. Journalism employs numerous avenues of communication, depending on the platform in use (THE BBC TRUST CONCLUSIONS, 2008:16). These include oral, written, or a combination of both forms of communication. This is a very precarious profession. This is because the career involves working on newly happened events. This is because the public is usually more inclined to information regarding recent or currently breaking news regarding various issues, individuals, regions, or natural happenings. Therefore, an individual who is involved in the industry must possess various special qualities. These include being open-minded, intelligent, non-partisan, and ready to adapt in varying situations. In addition, he/she has to control his emotions appropriately, in case he is required to account on tragic situations or calamities while on spot (Cobley, 2010:59). The career also offers generous benefits, including meeting with famous individuals. Nevertheless, these benefits do not come free. A journalist must always be able to think straight and focus perceptively, even in intimidating circumstances. This is a major requirement if one is able to deliver effectively on the current assignment. However, as with all other professions, this career has also drawn heavy criticism from the public. Critics claim that this profession is a unique one because it the individuals involved earn their living through educating the public about information and issues that they personally know nothing about (Hodkison, 2011:84). The most popular and most effective form of journalism happens through mass media. The conduct of journalism through mass media has been heavily influenced by the rapid development of digital expertise. Mass media refers to any avenue whose purpose is to convey mass communique. It refers to the process of conveying a message from one source to a comparatively bigger audience through conveying machines or tools. For ages, constituents of mass media included magazines, television, books, recordings, newspapers, movies, and the internet (Branston, 2006:78). The sustained boom in the field of digital communication knowledge and te chnique has drawn fervent arguments as to whether to add video, computer games, and cell phones to the group of mass media constituents. In recent times, there has been evidence of advertisers and marketers scheming to exploit the use of satellites to

Sales Management Essay Example for Free

Sales Management Essay â€Å"It is any tension which is experienced when one person perceives that one’s needs or desire are likely to be thwarted or frustrated.† Eollett simply defines Conflict as, â€Å"the appearance of difference of opinions, of interest†. Features:– 1. Conflict occurs when individuals are not able to choose among the available alternatives courses of actions. 2. Conflict between two individuals implies that they have conflicting perceptions, values and goals. 3. Conflict is a dynamic process as it indicates a series of events. Each conflict is made up of a series of interlocking conflict episodes. 4. Conflict must be perceived by the parties to it. If no one is aware of a conflict, then it is generally agreed that no conflict exists. LEVELS OF CONFLICT 1. INTRA-PERSONAL CONFLICT: Some conflicts that affect behavior in organizations involve the individual alone. It can be of three of types:  (a) Approach-approach conflict: It occurs when a person must choose between two positive and equally attractive alternatives. An example has to choose between a valued promotion in the organization or a desirable new job with another firm. (b) Avoidance-avoidance conflict: It occurs when a person must choose between two negative and equally unattractive alternatives. An example is being asked either to accept a job transfer to another town in an undesirable location or to have one’s employment with an organization terminated. (c) Approach-avoidance conflict: It occurs when a person must describe to do something that has both positive and negative consequences. An example is being offered a higher paying job whose responsibilities entail unwanted demand on one’s personal time. 2. INTER-PERSONAL CONFLICT: It occurs between two or more individuals who are in opposition to one another. It may be substantive or emotional or both. 3. INTER-GROUP CONFLICT: It occurs among members of different teams or groups. 4. INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT: It occurs as the competition and rivalry that characterizes firms operating in the same markets. CONFLICT PROCESS The process of conflict management has the following steps:– STAGE 1 :– POTENTIAL OPPOSITION OR INCOMPATIBILITY This stage concludes the conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise. The conditions are as follows: 1. Communication :– Communication becomes a source of conflict due to semantic difficulties, misunderstandings, and â€Å"noise† (distortion) in the communication channels. 2. Structure :– The term structure includes variables such as size, degree of specialization, jurisdictional clarity, member-goal compatibility, leadership styles, reward systems, and the degree of dependence. 3. Personal Variables: – Personal Variables include individual value systems and personality characteristics. Certain personality types lead to potential conflict. STAGE 2 :– COGNITION AND PERSONALIZATION Antecedent conditions lead to conflict only when the parties are affected by and aware of it. Conflict is personalized when it is felt and when individuals become emotionally involved. STAGE 3 :– INTENTIONS The primary conflict-handling intentions are represented as follows:– 1.Cooperativeness :– â€Å"the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy the other party’s concern.† 2. Assertiveness: – â€Å"the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns.† 3. Competing :– When one person seeks to satisfy his or her own interests, regardless of the impact on the other parties to the conflict. 4. Collaborating :– When the parties to conflict each desire to fully satisfy the concerns of all parties. 5. Avoiding: – A person may recognize that a conflict exists and want to withdraw from it or suppress it. 6. Accommodating: – When one party seeks to appease an opponent, that party is willing to be self-sacrificing. 7. Compromising: – When each party to the conflict seeks to give up something, sharing occurs, resulting in a compromised outcome. STAGE 4 :– BEHAVIOUR The behavior stage includes the statements, actions and reactions made by the conflicting parties. This conflict behavior s are usually overt attempts to implement each party’s intentions. STAGE 5 :– OUTCOMES Outcome may be functional—improving group performance or dysfunctional. Functional Outcomes are: 1. Improves the quality of decisions 2. Stimulates creativity and innovation. 3. Encourages interest. 4. Provides the medium through which problems can be solved and tensions released. Dysfunctional Outcomes are: 1. Undesirable consequences include a retarding of communications. 2. Reductions in group cohesiveness. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES These are two types of conflict management approaches Direct Conflict management approaches There are five approaches to direct conflict management. They are based on the relative emphasis on cooperativeness and assertiveness in the relationship between the conflicting parties. They are as follows: 1. Avoidance 2. Accommodation 3. Compromise 4. Competition 5. Collaboration Indirect Conflict management approaches It includes reduced interdependence, appeals to common goals, hierarchical referral and alterations in the use of scripts. Hierarchical referral means conflicts are reported to the senior levels to solve.